Gwords:

• Absorptive State

Insulin beta cells from the Islets of Langerhans
Glucose: source of energy for cells. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose via facilitative diffusion.
Also stimulates amino acid uptake by cells via active transport
Insulin, thyroid hormones and insulin-like growth factors stimulate protein synthesis by all body cells.
Glycogen: glucose stored in liver and skeletal muscles as glycogen.
Glycogenesis: synthesis of glycogen from glucose in liver and skeletal muscles
Insulin also stimulates lipogenesis by adipose cells and hepatocytes

• Postabsorptive State

Glucagon from the alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans
Glycogenolysis: glycogen breakdown via glucose catabolism occurs in the liver
lipolysis: glycerol, produce by the breakdown of triglycerides by adipocytes used to form glucose
Gluconeogenesis: synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates.
lactic acid-occurs on the liver.
protein breakdown: most body cells, especially skeletal muscles.

• Other G words:

Glycolysis: first step in cellular respiration
Hypoglycemia
Hyperglycemia

Flow Chart #1

How to study for A & P

Mere Suggestions...

one size does not fit all!

• Be prepared for class!
• Be organized...keep your A&P stuff together. I used several notebooks, some have one huge notebook.
• Start highlighting your hormones. I would use a single color for this and then I would highlight the corner of the page.
• Flashcards!!!! One of the most effective ways to really study A&P.
• Re-write your notes. Re-write them with your book open to the chapter you are working on. Draw as much as possible in your re-written notes. If you have histology that corresponds, draw it in your notes as well.
• Bring a camera to lab. Take photos and label them. Use the technology we have...just think, there is a whole generation of nurses that didn't get to do this!!!
• Use those extra lab hours...please!
• Do Professor Daly's worksheets, even if you are not in her lecture. They are very helpful.
• Do the end of chapter tests...
• Test each other! Get together as much as you are able and really challenge each other!